Publications

The Sun Sets on LIBOR

June 2019

Background

For decades, loans with floating interest rates have contained boilerplate covering what will happen if the index used to determine the interest rate becomes unavailable.  Because no one working on loan documents today can remember an index actually being discontinued, few pay much attention to the provisions addressing what happens if an index is discontinued.  Even those who do focus on those details typically have little success getting banks to change their documents, particularly boilerplate provisions involving the esoteric-sounding London Inter-bank Offered Rate, commonly called LIBOR.

Now, it is time to start paying attention to the loan document boilerplate about interest rate indexes.  That is because LIBOR is being discontinued:  That’s right, the sun is setting on the index that determines interest rates for $350 trillion (yes, trillion with a “t”) of financial instruments.  You may ask, “Why is this happening, when is LIBOR being replaced and with what?”

The answer to those questions begins in 2012 when multiple criminal indictments rocked the financial world in a major scandal involving the manipulation of LIBOR. At the time of the scandal, LIBOR was compiled by the British Bankers’ Association, which averaged the rates reported by the big London banks to get the LIBOR.  The scandal involved traders at the banks influencing the bankers reporting the rates to fudge their numbers for the benefit of positions in the interest rate futures markets held by the traders. Although the inaccuracies in the reported rates were very small, any manipulation had multi-million dollar impacts on interest-rate-sensitive derivatives tied to LIBOR. One weakness in the system of determining the LIBOR rates is that there is no verification of the accuracy of the reported rates.

As a consequence, the British Bankers’ Association transferred oversight to the British Financial Conduct Authority, which first tried to clean up the system to get accurate rates reported by the London bankers, but ultimately decided that an index based upon unverified reporting should be phased out.  They have scheduled LIBOR to end at the end of the 2021 calendar year.

Today's Issues

The problem the end of LIBOR creates for both banks and their borrowers is that no one has come up with a definitive LIBOR replacement. A number of indexes have been proposed, but none of them is quite the same as LIBOR. In fact, there probably can be no single replacement for LIBOR because LIBOR is actually several different interest rates.  In the United States, the most commonly used rate is 1-month LIBOR in US dollars, but there are also 3-month, 6-month and 1-year versions of LIBOR in US dollars, and rates tied to other currencies. That brings us back to the boilerplate allowing the bank to designate a replacement index of its own choosing.  Here are some points to consider as you review that language in loan documents for loans indexed to LIBOR:

  • Remember that hardly anyone can actually borrow at the LIBOR rate. As a point of reference, “prime” is now about 3% higher than LIBOR. Floating interest rates usually have two components:  the index and the “spread” which sets the rate above the index.  In order to get a comparable rate, both the index and the spread will need to be adjusted when LIBOR is replaced as the index.
  • One replacement index that is being recommended as a LIBOR replacement in the United States is SOFR, which is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. SOFR theoretically represents the cost of overnight borrowing secured by US treasury securities. The SOFR index is determined by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Although the LIBOR rate is low, SOFR is even lower because it is for a shorter term (overnight, rather than the 1-month LIBOR rate commonly used) and is secured by treasury securities (rather than reflecting unsecured loans as LIBOR does). Also, the daily SOFR rate has historically been subject to greater short term fluctuation than LIBOR.
  • Although most banks will insist on the right to make the ultimate decision about what index will replace LIBOR, here are some things that borrowers might negotiate in the provision about replacement of LIBOR:
    • When exactly will LIBOR be replaced as the index governing the interest rate for the loan?  Does that only happen when LIBOR is officially discontinued or sometime earlier?
    • If a standard replacement index for LIBOR becomes established, switch to the new index and adjust the spread as appropriate.
    • If no standard replacement is available, require the lender to use reasonable business judgment in matching the existing LIBOR-based rate when establishing a new index and spread.
    • Perhaps the borrower can negotiate the right to repay the loan without prepayment premium or penalty if the replacement index is unsatisfactory in the borrower’s judgment.
    • Even if the replacement index fluctuates daily, the interest rate on the loan can adjust however frequently the parties agree.

Conclusion

In spite of all these issues, lenders continue to pick LIBOR for new loans. In some cases, it may make sense to do a new loan with a different index that is not being phased out. For existing loans indexed to LIBOR and continuing beyond the end of LIBOR, consider negotiating an amendment to replace LIBOR with a new index and new loan terms agreeable to both the bank and the borrower. Using this strategy will reduce uncertainty about how the LIBOR replacement will affect the borrower’s interest rate when the sun finally sets on LIBOR.